ABSTRACT

Anemones and fish, ants and acacia trees, fungus and trees, buffaloes and oxpeckers--each of these unlikely duos is an inimitable partnership in which the species' coexistence is mutually beneficial. More specifically, they represent examples of defensive mutualism, when one species receives protection against predators or parasites in exchange for

part |2 pages

Part II: Prokaryotic Defensive Symbionts

part |2 pages

Part III: Eukaryotic Defensive Symbionts

chapter 15|12 pages

Conifer Endophytes

part |2 pages

Part IV: Fungal Endophyte as Moel System to Understand Defensive Mutualism